Publisher
Cert Espresso is published by a private individual, on a non-professional basis.
As allowed by article 1-1, II of French Law No. 2004-575 of 21 June 2004 on confidence in the digital economy, the publisher has chosen to remain anonymous: their identity and contact details have been given to the hosting provider named below, which must disclose them to the judicial authorities when the law requires.
Contact: contact@certespresso.com
Hosting provider
ALWAYSDATA, SARL · RCS Paris 492 893 490
91 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France
www.alwaysdata.com
An independent resource
Cert Espresso is an independent study resource, not affiliated with or endorsed by Microsoft, GitHub, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google, CompTIA, ISC2, Anthropic, Databricks, PeopleCert, ISACA or the IAPP. Certification and product names are trademarks of their respective owners. Nothing here is an official training product, and no certification body has reviewed this site.
Intellectual property
The lessons, questions, explanations, texts, illustrations and code of this site are original works of Cert Espresso and are protected by copyright. You may use them freely for your own study. Copying them in bulk, republishing them, selling them or using them to build another question bank requires written permission. Linking to any page is welcome.
The fonts are used under open licences listed on the licences page.
How the content is made
Courses, questions and this site are produced with the help of AI tools and checked against official documentation before publication. The videos use a synthetic voice. Each course states the date of its information.
Report a problem
To report an error, a rights issue or content you believe is unlawful, write to contact@certespresso.com with the address of the page and the reason. Question corrections can also be prepared with the “Report an issue” link shown under each answer.
Last updated: 12 November 2026.